Unit2 Chinese literature paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Unit2 Chinese literature paper - Essay Example It is important to remember however that such kings were as often â€Å"created† by poets and philosophers (like Confucius) as examples. Whether they were actually wise or not is difficult to determine. It was in their interest to appear to be so. One of the reasons this idea of the Sage King became more popular as China transitioned into a feudal period was not only because it introduced an element of accountability into questions of leadership but because it focused on virtue. Leaders were to be good and rule for the good of the people, not to treat the country as their personal territory or the people as their own vassals. But virtue, as Duke of Zhou writes, is not enough: â€Å"The mandate of heaven is not easily [preserved] . . .†2 The key is to respect your ancestors and lead in the way they have done too. This speaks to an inherent stability and conservativism in Chinese politics at the time. Leaders at the time were trying to establish and confirm a new way of doing politics at the time, they were trying to introduce new ideas. Instead of basing their principles on radicalism and revolution, they did their best to appeal to the past. This almost certainly made it easier for them to appeal to ordinary people for their success. Part of the message sent out by sage kings was not more complicated than â€Å"respect your parents.† Most people can get behind a message like this. It is hard to say much more about sage kings without reference to Confucius. This was a great philosopher who thought people who were honest and virtuous should be chosen to guide the multitude. He also believed that a leader must first govern himself, before he would be able to govern other people. Confucius appeared to have a great deal of respect for the Duke of Zhou and for much of the philosophical ideas about leadership mentioned above. Much of his thinking can also be attributed to the disunity undergoing this later period of Chinese history—he

Women’s History Essay Example for Free

Women’s History Essay Women have fought for many years to gain rights and the ability to be treated as man’s equal. Women have earned the right to vote and work outside the home in jobs that were classically men’s work. Women earned the right to serve their country during wartime. However, women must work harder to prove that they are worthy of being treated as an equal. Women have made great advances in civil rights since 1865, but they still have a long way to go to be treated as man’s equal. 1865-1900 During this time period, women in the United States gained a little independence with the westward expansion. They had to learn to operate all machinery and to run their homestead just as well as their husbands in case of an emergency when he was not around. There were many homesteads that were entirely run by women. These women were widows that moved either west after their husbands died or inherited the land after their husbands or ancestor’s death. During the 1900’s women worked as domestic laborers such as maids, cooks, waitresses, and launderers. Some women obtained manufacturing jobs for pay that was significantly less than male workers (Bowles, 2012). Women were also beginning to become teachers. One in every four teachers were women. By 1900, three out of every four teachers were women (Bowles, 2012). After the slaves were freed in the South, the African American women took jobs as domestic workers. These were the same jobs that they had when they were slaves, only they were now able to earn a wage. In the homes that could not afford to hire outside domestic labor, the women of the home were forced to take on the responsibilities of running a home and  some had to obtain jobs outside the home. These women took jobs outside of the home preparing meals, sewing in factories, and domestic work in upper class homes. There were few women in industrial jobs, mostly sewing factories where they worked on an assembly line. Women began getting jobs in the clerical field, as the typewriter was better suited to their fingers. Other fields that were opening up to women workers were teaching, nursing, social work, and retail clerks. The women working outside the home were from the lower and middle class, single women, immigrants or African Americans. The upper class women did not get jobs outside the home, but many volunteered their time to causes that they felt strongly about. Elizabeth Cady Stanton started the fight for woman’s equal rights and their right to vote. Elizabeth Cady Stanton drafted the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments for Women in 1848. In 1868, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony began the National Woman Suffrage Association and wrote the Revolution a weekly publication that prompted equal rights for women. Susan B Anthony was arrested for illegally voting in the 1872 presidential election (The Bibliography Channel, 2011). The amendment to allow women to vote was introduced to congress in 1878; however, E. C. Stanton and S. B. Anthony died before the amendment was passed into law. 1900-1920 There were nine western states allowed women to vote by 1912. One of those states was Montana. In 1916, Jeannette Rankin decided to run for a seat in the House of Representatives. She was elected in 1917 and played an integral part to the women’s right to vote. She fought for the creation of a Women’s Suffrage Committee and was appointed to it upon its creation (Office of History and Preservation, 2007). This committee wrote the Constitutional Amendment that would allow women the right to vote. On May 21, 1919, The House of Representatives passed the amendment and the senate passed it 2 weeks later. On August 18, 1920, Tennessee became the 36th state to allow women the right to vote. When Tennessee ratified the amendment, this allowed Congress to pass the amendment since three-quarters of the states agreed. Women gained the right to vote with the 19th amendment that was certified on August 26, 1920 (National Archives, 2012). Although women gained the right to vote during this period, their employment opportunities were still limited. They were still accepted as teachers, nurses or social workers, retail sales, domestic labor, nuns and in the clerical field. As women filled the clerical positions, employers offered les pay to the female workers than the male workers had received (Bowles, 2011). Most women attended all female colleges or business schools during this time, as there were a few colleges that allowed co-education of men and women. There were also limits on what a woman could do after obtaining her degree, as it was still not acceptable for women to hold other jobs. Women’s fashion during this time period changed. Many women began to stop wearing the corsets that were so popular during the 1800’s. The length of their dresses became shorter. Instead of floor length, the hem rose to their mid-calf (Bowles, 2011). Women also began to wear makeup and cut their hair short. This represented a woman’s freedom to do what he wished with her body. Women also started to become more athletic and outdoorsy, shedding the Victorian ideals of keeping the skin pale by staying out of the sun. Women also started to smoke as a sign of freedom and rebellion. Margaret Sanger was a nurse in New York when she wrote a newspaper column titled â€Å"What Every Girl Should Know† (Biography.com, 2012). She started a publication called The Woman Rebel in 1914 in which she advocated a woman’s right to â€Å"birth control†. In 1916, she opened the first clinic specializing in birth control, where she gave out information, condoms and fitted women for diaphragms to prevent pregnancy. She felt that it was a woman’s right to decide if and when to have children and that a woman would never be free until she was allowed that choice. In 1921, Margaret Sanger started the American Birth Control League. When World War I began in 1919, the clerical field was completely feminized (Bowles, 2012). During this war, 20,000 women worked in the armed forces, one quarter of these women were nurses stationed overseas (Bowles, 2012). They also took over the family farms and drove trucks during the war. They volunteered their time to promoting Liberty Bonds, teaching food conservation and sending supplies overseas. Their participation in the war efforts were then used as an example why they should be have an equal say in the political matters of the  country they helped to defend. 1920-1945 During the 1920’s after earning the right to vote, women were able to express themselves in the political arena, so they also began expressing themselves in other area. Their fashion and lifestyles became â€Å"freer†, thus earning the name of â€Å"Flappers† (Bowles, 2011). These women wore their hair very short, wore a lot of makeup, and wore shirts or dresses that were at or above knee length. They were more apt to explore sex since birth control was available. They became very liberated during this time period. During the Great Depression, women suffered as much as the men. Women’s wages were decreased or jobs lost depending on the industry that they worked in. Many home became multi-family homes and the women became responsible for the care and feeding of more people. When the Great Depression started to subside, the United States government allowed women to obtain retirement and unemployment benefits when the Social Security Program began. This program was started by Frances Perkins, Secretary of Labor. She was the first woman to hold a position in the Presidential Cabinet (Biography.com, 2012). There were also great advances in technology that produced more housework for women. With more advanced stoves, vacuum cleaners, washing machines and refrigerators the expected care of the home increased, thus creating more work for the women of the home.

Paracetamol: History, Structure and Dangers

Paracetamol: History, Structure and Dangers What is Paracetamol? Depending on where you live in the world, N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanamide is known as Paracetamol or acetaminophen with the molecular formula of C8H9NO2. Paracetamol or acetaminophen belongs to a group of medicines which have analgesic (pain reliever) and antipyretic (fever reliever) properties. For these reasons it is used for reliving a person of mild to moderate pain including headache, joint pain and toothache. In Addition to controlling fever (high temperature) Paracetamol can also be used to relive symptoms of cold. History of Paracetamol The history and discovery of Paracetamol is fascinating as it was discovered by accident when a similar molecule acetanilide was put to use as an analgesic and antipyretic medicine in the late 1800s. At the approach of 20th century the discovery and synthesis of medicine was based on pure chance, as scientists randomly tested new compounds on test subjects (mainly humans, without any awareness of their possible side effects) to examine both their positive and negative effects. The discovery of Paracetamol can be linked with the discovery of acetanilide which was the first derivative of aniline (see figure 1.1) to be found to contain analgesic and antipyretic properties. Figure 1.1 shows the structure of the organic compound aniline Acetanilide was synthesised when the aniline gained a secondary amide group. This occurred when aniline was reacted with ethanoic anhydride, resulting in the production of C8H6NCOCH3 and CH3COOH (ethanoic acid). The equation for the reaction is as follows: C6H5NH2 + (CH3CO)2O → C6H5NHCOCH3 + CH3COOH Soon after the discovery acetanilide (see Figure 1.2) was produced to be used in therapy in 1886, and it remained in use for several years due to how cheap it was to mass produce. The painkilling properties of the synthetic organic compound acetanilide were impressive but it had to be abandoned due its high toxicity in moderate doses. For example, it was known to interfere with the function of the oxygen-carrying pigment haemoglobin which caused cyanosis in patients. Figure 1.2 shows the structure of the organic compound acetanilide As a result a new search began which lead to the discovery of a new derivative called N-4-(-Ethoxyphenyl)ethanamide(see figure 1.3). To their surprise the new derivative contained the same analgesic and antipyretic properties but was less toxic than acetanilide. The first synthesis was reported in 1878 by Harmon Northrop Morse (3). It wasn’t until 1886 that this new drug was marketed under the name phenacetin. It remains in use ever since but the usage has declined due its undesirable side effects on the liver. Although Phenacetin I still being used today in some parts of the country, it was banned in USA by the FDA in 1983 after research showed it had adverse side effects such as kidney damage. Figure 1.3 shows the structure of the organic compound Phenacetin Finally, in 1893 a German physician Joseph von Mering managed to improve phenacetin resulting in the production of Paracetamol. Unfortunately, Joseph Von Mering mistakenly thought that Paracetamol had similar adverse effects as acetanilide did and therefore ignored the discovery. It wasn’t until the 1940’s when this misunderstanding was removed after research showed that Paracetamol was the main metabolite of phenacetin (see figure 1.4) and potentially caused the desired side effects. Further studies showed that it was the other minor metabolite that caused the negative effects and that Paracetamol was responsible for the positive effects. This finally led to Paracetamol being put to use a synthetic medicine in 1953 and its being used ever since. Today Paracetamol is manufactured by a number of different pharmaceutical companies with different brand names. In the UK alone there are more than ninety over the counter medicines which contain Paracetamol. Paracetamol is sometimes combined with other medicines such as decongestants (provides relief for blocked nose). Figure 1.4 Shows Paracetamol as the major metabolite (99%) of Phenacetin (5) Mechanism of action For reducing temperature Paracetamol is believed to act on a region of the brain called the hypothalamus which is responsible for regulation of body temperature. Paracetamol reduces pain by directly interfering with chemicals in the body called prostaglandins. These prostaglandins act much like hormones (chemical messengers) but do not move to other sites, they remain in the cell in which they were synthesised in. Prostaglandin are thought to be involved in the dilation of blood vessels which cause pain. Paracetamol is recognised by the enzyme which is responsible for the biosynthesis of prostaglandins in the body. Paracetamol inhibits the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Therefore, reduction in the number of prostaglandin reduce the awareness to pain in the body. Dangers of Paracetamol Paracetamol is a potent medicine which is easily available without any prescription, even small overdoses can be fatal, because it is metabolised into both toxic and non-toxic products in the liver. For this reason, Paracetamol is often used as suicide drug. Paracetamol overdose can cause liver failure because it is a hepatoxic, which means even in moderate doses it can cause damage to hepatocytes (liver cells). People who use Paracetamol as means of suicide die from liver damage and most of the poisoning is due to a metabolite of Paracetamol called quinone amine (see figure 1.5). Quinone amine is dangerously toxic and is eliminated from the body in the liver by a reaction with glutathione (a tripeptide). Insufficient levels of glutathione means the toxic quinone amine will not be eliminated and starts to build up. Eventually it will start to react with nucleic acids and cellular proteins in the liver causing permanent damage and eventually death. References CSID:5889, http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.5889.html (accessed 19:47, Oct 31, 2014) CSID:880, http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.880.html (accessed 20:47, Oct 31, 2014) H. N. Morse (1878). Ueber eine neue Darstellungsmethode der Acetylamidophenole. Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 11 (1): 232–233. doi:10.1002/cber.18780110151 CSID:4590, http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.4590.html (accessed 16:21, Nov 1, 2014) Ellis, Frank. Paracetamol a curriculum recource . RSC, http://www.rsc.org/learn-chemistry/content/filerepository/CMP/00/000/047/Paracetamol_web.pdf. (accessed 21:1, Nov 1, 2014.]

Free Catcher in the Rye Essays: Keeping It Real :: Catcher Rye Essays

Keeping It Real in The Catcher in the Rye The Catcher in the Rye is a story about a kid named Holden Caulfield who experiences some interesting things and people. From having breakfast with a couple of nuns, to being with a prostitute, to getting kicked out of school, Holden handles each situation the best way he can. Some of the people Holden meets, he likes, but the type of people Holden cannot stand are the ‘phonies.’ Holden had met a lot of phonies in his lifetime. Holden lived in a dorm that was named after a phony, he heard a phony playing a piano, and he met his date’s phony friend. Holden went to a boarding school called Pencey Prep. There, Holden lived in the Ossenburger Memorial Wing. This hall was only for juniors and seniors. The dorms were named after a man named Ossenburger who also went to Pencey a long time ago. After Ossenburger got out of Pencey, he made a lot of money in the undertaking business and gave some of it to Pencey and that is why the new wing of the dorms are named after him. The morning after, Ossenburger gave a speech to the students of Pencey Prep regarding how he was never ashamed when he was in some kind of trouble. He stated that if so, he would get right down on his knees and pray to God. Ossenburger kept on rambling about how one should always pray to God and to talk to God wherever they were. Ossenburger said to think of him as your buddy. Holden was amused by his speech, and he could â€Å"just see the big phony bastard... asking Jesus to send him a few more stiffs.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Holder next went to a nightclub called Ernie’s for a few drinks. Even though it was so late, the club was packed. Ernie, the piano player, was playing some tune that Holden could not recognize. Ernie was putting in many high notes, showing off with ripples in the high notes, and doing a lot of other tricky things that Holden thought were dumb. However, the crowd was going crazy for Ernie, clapping and such. â€Å"Old Ernie turned around on his stool and gave this very phony, humble bow.† Though Holden thought Ernie’s snobbish attitude was so phony , he felt kind of sorry for Ernie.

Theory of Gravity Essay

Of all the current nuclear fusion reactor experiments JET and ITER are the largest. JET, Joint European Torus, based in Culham Science Centre in the UK, is the centre of Europe’s fusion research. JET is currently the world’s largest tokomak capable of delivering up to 30 MW of power, it is used by more than 20 European Countries and also used by international scientists. It is used to test the conditions that will be in use by commercial fusion power plants. JET began in 1978, in operation since 1983 and in November of 1991 became the first experiment to produce controlled nuclear fusion power. It has been a stepping stone for ITER, producing parameters that have been vital in its production. In 1997 a record of 16 MW of energy were produced by JET using the mixed deuterium-tritium fuel with an input of 24 MW; a 65% ratio. ITER, originally standing for International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor but dropped due to negative connotations of thermonuclear especially combined with the word experimental. ITER began in 1985, but it was only until 2005 that the south of France was decided on as a location for the reactor. ITER is supported by many countries worldwide including the USA, the EU, the Russian Federation, India, China, Korea and Japan. In November 2006, and agreement was signed which formed the international ITER organisation who owns the device and all aspects of the project. ITER was formulated because it was agreed that a larger and more powerful reactor was needed to emulate conditions in a commercial reactor and demonstrate its feasibility. ITER is built from the collective research made by all the many fusion experiments worldwide; a collaborative effort to provide cheap, clean fuel for many future generations. The first plasma is predicted to be produced by 2016. Nuclear Fusion is entirely feasible as a future energy source though it will be a long time before they will overtake traditional natural resources in terms of percentage of the Earth’s energy provided. Estimated put it around 2050 until fusion power plants are in full commercial use. It is proven that fusion is the most efficient energy source we have to date; 4 times more than that of nuclear fission. It is inherently safe, and there is no hazardous waste except some radioactive materials from free neutrons, though in future designs this could be eradicated. Research is currently going well; all that remains is for bigger more powerful models and with ITER on the horizon it will not be long before a self sustaining fusion reaction with a positive output is achieved. This means well into the future 100% waste free fusion plants could provide nearly all of the world’s electricity, resulting in a clean safe environment with a massively reduced threat of global warming. Bibliography C. R. Nave, 2006, HyperPhysics, viewed 13 September 2008 David Sang, 1995, Nuclear and Particle Physic, 2nd Ed. Thomas Nelson and Sons ltd.  https://www.euro-fusion.org/

Laocoon and his Sons †An Anthropological Analysis Essay Example

Laocoon and his Sons – An Anthropological Analysis Essay Example Laocoon and his Sons – An Anthropological Analysis Paper Laocoon and his Sons – An Anthropological Analysis Paper Essay Topic: Twelve Years a Slave An Anthropological Analysis of Laocoon and his Sons The famous Laocoon and His Sons statue that is also called the Laocoon Group is a colossal marble sculpture situated in Rome in the Vatican Museums. The effigy was attributed to three sculptors: Athenodoros, Polydorus and Agesander by Pliny, a Roman author. The statue was a life size work measuring about 1.74 meters that displayed Laocoon, a Trojan priest and his two sons Thymbraeus and Antiphantes who were entwined by marine serpents. The historical background of the Laocoon and His Sons statue states that Laocoon was murdered after trying to expose the fraud of the Trojan Horse by attacking it with a lance. Being experienced and wise, Laocoon was skeptical of the strange ‘gift’ horse left by the Greeks after the war. However, his opposition to the idea of taking the horse as spoils of war was interpreted by Trojans as a punishment by the gods for defying destiny. The Laocoon itself is a multifaceted and authoritative work of art that attracts the eye with the extensive, flowing lines of the serpents’ bodies. The serpents wind and pull slyly against the menacing bonds and the hurting and anguish of the priest is very apparent and touching. The sons seek their father’s assistance and he is incapable of helping them, or himself. Laocoon’s wide-open mouth is so superbly detailed one can almost hear his livid scream. The pain of betrayal, by both the Trojans and his gods, is splayed all over Laocoon’s face as clearly as fright is written on his sons’. The Roman cultural Context in which the Laocoon existed Ancient Rome was typically considered one of the largest empires globally that existed for about twelve centuries. In terms of organization, The Roman society was greatly advanced in warfare, engineering, politics, law, art, language, architecture, technology, government, religion and literature (Smedley 21). Apart from this, the Roman cukture was deeply anthropocentric. The people were te main focus within society. Romans had begun to enjoy advanced technology such as asphalt roads, storied buildings and other public facilities such as monuments and art galleries (Smedley 19). It is against this backdrop of advanced civilization that the Laocoon was sculpted in honor of the rich religious and mythical history of Rome. The Roman society was well organized into urban centers and military settlements having large populations. However, within these settlements there were distinct class structures that divided people into slaves, freedmen and freeborn citizens. The Roman culture was rich in various elements of interest for example, the Colosseum, the Pantheon and other facilities for example, theaters and public baths that were not affected by acculturation. Most of the social activities within Rome happened within these locations and the constant use made them quite significant. The Laocoon held a religious and social significance upon the people of Rome and this made it an even greater sculpture as compared to other works of art (Smedley 16). This emic behavior by the Romans was vital in shaping the global perception on the Laocoon (Smedley 25). This is because in other parts of the world, acculturation played a major role in changing people’s cultures and tastes. The development of Roman sculpture was influenced chiefly by contact with other neighboring societies. Romans initially focused on producing life-size replicas of prominent and victorious personalities within their society. Religious deities were part of this description. Portraiture and religious art were the two main specialties of Roman sculpture (Gupta Ferguson 11). Most entrance halls of Roman architecture were decorated with life-size sculptures and portrait busts. Concerning religious art, the Roman temple was the center for display of several statues of deities and gods. Roman altars in backyards and gardens also had similar statues. Another secondary form or art related to the two was funerary art that displayed the everyday activities by Romans such as agriculture, war and other games. The statue of Laocoon and His Sons was therefore a significant part of the Roman history and heritage that served as a constant reminder of the belief system and great gods that ruled over R ome. In general,., the level of cultural relativism was very low as most Roman artists focused mainly on their type of art. Influence of the Laocoon statue The statue is a major part of the Roman culture that dates back to 50 BC and having close similarity to the Alcyoneus statue dated 160 BC. On the day of discovery, the statue was slightly destroyed with Laocoon‘s right arm missing as well as one arm on the child. Finally, the whole sculpture was torn down and restored with the arm properly in place (Gupta Ferguson 29). During the course of disassembly, the engineers were able to scrutinize the cuttings, breaks, dowel holes, and metal tenons that suggested that in antiquity, a more solid, three-dimensional pyramidal assembly of the three sculptures was used or at least considered. The discovery of the Laocoon statue made a great impact on Italian artists and extensively influenced the development of Italian Renaissance art. The great Michelangelo was particularly influenced by the colossal scale of the work and its sumptuous Hellenistic aesthetics, particularly its representation of the male figures. The discovery of the Laocoo n was a very important finding for educated Renaissance artists and clients who were bent on restoring the ancient Roman culture (Gupta Ferguson 19). The sculpture managed to raise significant religious attention in Rome. At one point, Pope Julius II procured the sculpture for his own collection, after which he paraded the sculpture through the streets of the Rome where the citizens showered it with flower petals. Within art circles, there was a flurry of contests hosted by Donato Bramante to develop a replica of the spoilt parts of the sculpture. The ancient Laocoon also exerted a strong aesthetic power on the High Renaissance artists. The unearthing of the sculpture also speeded up the rediscovery of the classical aesthetic. The Laocoon became a benchmark against which Renaissance art was evaluated, thereby instituting a standard of beauty that influenced art for the next 500 years. By far, Michelangelo was the artist most influenced by the Laocoon, whose representation of the human figure in motion was fundamentally changed by his study of the Laocoon. The work also intensely influenced the development of the western art. Raphael’s painting the Galatea was a response to the sculpture as well as the efforts of Titian in Venice and his Greek apprentice, El Greco. Rubens sketched the Laocoon based the foundation of most of his paintings on the prehistoric sculpture. Even Gericault, the French artist included Laocoon -like elements into his prominent political work, The Raft of the Medusa. Apart from artists, the unearthing of the sculpture was of great importance to political figures. Historically, Francis I, king of France had shown interest in the marvelous work of art and had requested the Pope to give him sculpture as a spoil of war. Therefore, the Pope had a fake replica made in case King Francis became persistent. However, this did not happen but later on, during Napoleon’s reign, the Laocoon soon found itself in France where it stayed for several years until he was defeated. The Laocoon is however not exceptional. Without a doubt, it has been applied too often as a model. Indeed, the creative and chronological life of historical sculpture in contemporary times has probably been based on uplifting individual projects to paradigmatic ranks, and not only the Laocoon. One of the influential people surrounding the Laocoon, El Greco was an academic that had experience in Venetian ‘colorito’ and Renaissance compositional methods. Later on, he developed his eclectic fashion, becoming a principal artist in the Mannerist faction and embracing the Spanish artistic Renaissance. These two styles were evident within Laocoon; El Greco’s solitary painting on a mythological theme. While classical in nature, Laocoon mirrors the artistic, religious, and political revolutions of post-Renaissance society. The Laocoon originated from the Hellenistic Era when Greek art transformed from the quite stiff and motionless art and the romanticized forms of earlier periods, into a more innate free flowing art full of zeal and sensation, whilst keeping a number of the features of preceding periods. Most Hellenistic works of art did not survive the journey to present day, and most instructors depend on Roman replicas for their teaching needs (Gupta Fergus on 62). George E. Marcus multi-sided strategy Multi-sited ethnography is a technique of data collection that tracks a theme or social issue through diverse field sites socially or geographically (Kuhn 12). While different methods can be applied independently, multi-sited ethnography typically demands the use of supplementary techniques like surveys, planned interviews or other data collection methods. Marcus stated that in the research process, scientists could pursue a â€Å"thing†. In the case of the Laocoon, following a â€Å"thing† would offer the best results in multi-sited ethnography, and this involves tracing the geographical journey and social implication of the statue through Europe. When this type of strategy concentrates on tracking the statue, examiners trace signs and representations, or symbolic interpretations of the Laocoon in the lives of the Roman people and any other societies it may have met on its journey (Gupta Ferguson 67). The Laocoon statue was initially sculpted at around 40-20 BCE by three artists: Athenodorus, Agesander and Polydorus. While it was originally situated in Rhodes, the next valid account of its whereabouts placed the statue in Emperor Titus’ palace at around 70 BC. It was in his palace that the fancy description written in Latin was born. The description displayed the Laocoon as being ‘†¦sculptured from a single block, both the main figure as well as the children, and the serpents with their marvelous folds (Kuhn 28).’ In January 1506, the same statue was discovered in a vineyard on the Oppian Hill. This discovery was made by Guiliano da Sangallo and Michelangelo working under the instructions of Pope Julius II (Gupta Ferguson 24). After this unearthing, the statue fell in the hands of the Pope who elevated it to the level of a deity. This discovery also triggered interest among other European artists for example Giovanni Antonio da Brescia, Marcantonio Raimondi and Jacopo Sansovino who experimented with wax, canvas and stone. By 1770, Raphael Mengs had already sculpted a replica of the Laocoon that was being displayed in Florence (Gupta Ferguson 22). The original Laocoon was also shifted to Paris under immense political pressure from the Treaty of Tolentino. There, it underwent several restorations. The sculpture had traversed through France, Italy, parts of Germany and Romania. Therefore, the sculpture has had several contact with different societies and been used for its aesthetic beauty, religious relevance and architectural complexity. However, the Roman influence has greatly overwhelmed all the other aspects of the statue (Kuhn 25). Roman perception of the Laocoon The statement made by Pliny when he was rating the sculpture was a summary of the perceptions of most Romans and art enthusiasts across the globe. Pliny commented that the Laocoon was â€Å"†¦a work that must be considered superior to all other products of the arts of painting and sculpture† (Turner 19). This figure was a very passionate dramatization of the anguish of Laocoon and his sons, portraying in complete practicality the pain that can befall human beings. The serpents fuse the three people, taking the viewer from one person to the next. Every area of Laocoon’s visage portrays his anguish, from his furrowed forehead to the half-shut eyes and parted mouth. All the three individuals are illustrated as being in a reminiscent state of pain. Every single inch of the sculpture exhibits torment and suffering. Among the Romans, the Laocoon statue represented an amazing illustration of the methods that artists used for instance, the dramatic baroque effects. Laocoon cocked his head, as he stared at the heavens with a wrinkled temple and his facial hair in complete disorder. Laocoon’s facial appearance communicated certain misery, agony, and surprise at the basis for such an atrocious attack. Meanwhile, his son’s head was tilted backward from the sting of the beast biting into his upper body (Turner 26). The features contained in this group of sculptures particularly the facial expressions and the complexity of the bodily fine points portray emotions of fright, agony and disbelief as the family struggled to understand why the gods and their fellow men would betray and feed them to serpents (Turner 27). Conclusion In conclusion, the beforehand arguments and illustrations have managed to demonstrate the main reasons as to why the Laocoon statue was considered a significant element of the Hellenistic baroque, a religious deity and an informative piece of learning material. The illustration of feats and emotions, the pleasure of triumph and the anguish of loss all coalesce to deliver a much more practical, naturalistic and aesthetically satisfying work than those from the previous periods. The motivational influence that it had on later artists, for example Michelangelo makes the Laocoon even more significant to the future generations (Turner 21). Work Cited Gupta, A, and Ferguson J. Beyond â€Å"culture†: Space, Identity, and the Politics of Difference. Culture, Power, Place: Explorations in Critical Anthropology. 1999. Print. Kuhn, Thomas S. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1996. Print. Smedley, A. Race and the Construction of Human Identity. American Anthropologist. 100.3. 1998: 690-702. Print. Turner, Victor. Process, System, and Symbol: a New Anthropological Synthesis. Daedalus. 106.3. 1977: 61-80. Print.

Peter Pan Alice In Wonderland Essays

Peter Pan Alice In Wonderland Essays Peter Pan Alice In Wonderland Paper Peter Pan Alice In Wonderland Paper Essay Topic: Alice in Wonderland Lices Adventures in Wonderland Through the Looking Glass: Critique In Lewis Carols novel Lices Adventures in Wonderland Through the Looking Glass, the main character Alice transports into an incredible and fascinating world unlike any other. It has a twist on logic and messes with your mind, while bringing adults back to their childhood of imagination and creativity. Soon after Alice gets to this bonkers and unbalanced world she meets many strange creatures: A white rabbit who claims he is late for who knows what, a Caterpillar smoking a hookah, a Cheshire cat that comes and goes irregularly, the March Hare, the Mad Hatter, and a very tired dormouse that tends to fall asleep periodically. Alice makes friends with these extraordinary characters and enjoys some short adventures with them. Alice soon after meets the King and Queen. The Queen, who is difficult to please, screeches her trademark phrase Off with his head! which she blasted at the slightest dissatisfaction with a subject. Later on Alice is in court as a witness, but displeases the King and Queen by not obeying orders. The Queen shouts her well- now line Off with her head! And the playing cards are sent to attack. Then Alice is awoken by her sister for tea. It was all a dream, yet it felt so real? This book makes us think, imagine, and believe in mad and crazy ideas. Uniform entirely bonkers, but let me tell you a secret: All the best people are. Peter Pan: Critique Peter Pan is a well-known and beloved story written by J. M. Barrier to tell of a wonderful world whe re you never grow up! Seems like the perfect place right? Well that is what Wendy, John, and Michael thought when the heard of this magical place. Peter lures them out and helps them to fly across the London sky. He tells them, Second to your right, and straight on till morning! Once they get there, the three children meet the Lost Boys who have been there for countless years. Everyone has an enjoyable time and sees many marvelous things. Soon though that entertaining time is put to a halt when the Lost Boys and Wendy brothers are taken by Indians. While this happens, Wendy is taken by the greedy and nasty pirate Captain Hook. The next chapters included deceit and trickery. Peter and Hook have a battle and free the Lost Boys, Wendy, John, and Michael. Peter becomes captain of the ship and takes the Darlings home. Peter Pan has and will always be a mix of adventures and fantasy. For adults it tells them about the inevitable loss of childhood. It shows there will always be a fight between yourself: Your youth (Peter Pan) and your darkness (Captain Hook). Do not take your childhood for granted, cherish every moment and if you are past that, make sure those around you do so. Peter Pan Alice In Wonderland By cheerleader