The Movie “Serpico” and Police Corruption Research Paper Example

The Movie â€Å"Serpico† and Police Corruption Paper The movie, â€Å"Serpico†, (Maas, 1973) was based on a true story about Frank Serpico, a New York police officer who wanted to expose the corruption in law enforcement and went undercover in order to reveal their criminal activity. He is offered a share of the money in which the corrupt officers share and when he refuses to take part in their activity, he is shunned by his fellow officers and they don’t want to work with him and he remains in danger because he chooses to be honest. Serpico understands that the other officers in his force, are likely to place him in a position that is ultimately, life threatening. Al Pacino plays the role of Frank Serpico, in this movie, who was a real life NYPD detective, (Cannan, 1997) who almost died because of his loyalty to his belief that good cops really do exist. Even when Serpico talks to his superiors in his department, he gets nowhere. Police Commissioner, White acted as if he didn’t care about Serpico’s concerns and ignored his plea for help. We will write a custom essay sample on The Movie â€Å"Serpico† and Police Corruption specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Movie â€Å"Serpico† and Police Corruption specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Movie â€Å"Serpico† and Police Corruption specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Serpico was sure that there were as many crooked cops working in New York City, as there were criminals. He remains loyal, throughout the movie, to his strong belief that police officers should be trustworthy, even though it places his own life in imminent danger. When Commissioner White doesn’t help, Serpico took his plea to a New York Times editor. With the scandal being talked about causes the mayor of New York City to conduct an intense investigation; The Knapp Commission, into Frank Serpico’s bold claims. Frank Serpico became a police officer in 1960 when he had faith in law enforcement and thought that criminals were arrested with traditional methods without using excessive force while arresting them. Seeing all the corruption, Serpico wanted to refrain from joining in one the corruption and asks another officer, by the name of Bob Blair, whom he trusts, to help him in his battle against criminal activity within the New York City police force. Eventually, Serpico went to court, in order to expose the corrupt officers who had tried for so long to bring him down. He testified to the fact that he had witnessed the corruption with his own eyes. The definition of corruption is described as â€Å"forbidden acts involving misuse of office for gain.† (Trautman, 1997) Author, Jack Gattanella tells us about the movie, â€Å"Serpico. â€Å" He says, â€Å"The real powerhouse performance by Pacino, thirty years down the line, still one of his finest.† Al Pacino was perfect for the role of Frank Serpico. Pacino depicted Serpico as an honest and good natured cop who only wanted to do the right thing while exposing those officers who weren’t. Global standards to combat corruption in police forces and services, (Interpol, 2007) have a duty to ensure honesty and ethical behavior and should use force in normal boundaries, in police departments. Frank Serpico (U.S. News, 2007) states that, â€Å"Frank Serpico, the former New York City cop who became a symbol for police honesty, lashed out at society’s leaders.† Serpico continues to hold strong to his faith that society can be led by honest individuals who hold police positions. From the very beginning of the story, where Al Pacino is slumped over in his car seat and dripping blood on his car seat, on his way to the hospital to get treatment for his injuries from being shot, the movie is shown as flashbacks in Serpico’s mind as he thinks about his days of being an honest cop, until the end of the story where he is testifying against the corrupt officers who tried to kill him. Police corruption still remains in our society as we read in Daniel J. Shanahan’s book, â€Å"Badges, Bullets and Bars†. (Shanahan, 2006) We learn a firsthand account of police disloyalty on the force as Shanahan tells us about some of his own experiences while being a cop. Frank Serpico was very courageous in his fight to show human decency and honesty in this movie. He left behind guidelines for all officers who work in law enforcement and will always be remembered as an early display of the way cops are supposed to perform in their duties. In today’s society, there still remains corruption in law enforcement but we still do have loyal officers just like Frank Serpico who are truly dedicated to their careers and work toward upholding the proper standards of the law and not getting involved in pocketing money that doesn’t belong to them, while performing acts that are of criminal nature. â€Å"Serpico† proved to be both educational and enlightening about the corruption in New York City police forces.

Quantifier - Definition and Examples

Quantifier s In grammar, a quantifier is a type of determiner (such as all, some, or much) that expresses a relative or indefinite indication of quantity. Quantifiers usually appear in front of nouns (as in all children), but they may also function as pronouns (as in All have returned). A complex quantifier is a phrase (such as a lot of) that functions as a quantifier. Examples and Observations I believe that every person is born with talent.  (Maya Angelou)Most of the people who will walk after me will be children, so make the beat keep time with short steps. (Hans Christian Andersen, in the instructions for the music for his funeral)Many books require no thought from those who read them, and for a very simple reason: they made no such demand upon those who wrote them. (Charles Caleb Colton, Lacon, or Many things in Few Words, 1820)All politicians should have three hats: one to throw into the ring, one to talk through, and one to pull rabbits out of if elected. (Carl Sandburg)Ive had a lot of worries in my life, most of which never happened. (attributed to Mark Twain, among others) Meanings of Quantifiers Quantifiers can be classified in terms of their meaning. Some quantifiers have a meaning of inclusiveness. That is, they refer to an entire group. Both refers to two members of a group of two, few to a subgroup of the entire group, and all to the totality of members of a group of unspecified size. Every and each refer to single members of a group. The difference between all, a few, and both on the one hand and each and every, is reflected in subject-verb agreement​Other quantifiers are noninclusive and have a meaning related to size or quantity. These quantifiers can be classified by the relative size they indicate. For example, many and much refer to large quantities, some to a moderate quantity, and little and few to small quantities . . .. (Ron Cowan, The Teachers Grammar of English: A Course Book and Reference Guide. Cambridge University Press, 2008) Partitives and Quantifiers: Agreement There is, in fact, a somewhat fuzzy distinction between partitive structures and inclusives and Quantifiers formed with of. In a clause such as a lot of students have arrived it is the noun students which determines number agreement on the Finite (have - plural). It is not normally possible to say *a lot of students has arrived. Therefore students is the head of the noun group and a lot of is a complex Quantifier. Similarly, it is also normal to say a number of students have arrived not a number of students has arrived, that is, to treat a number of as a complex Quantifier. . . .For beginning learners, it may be best to introduce expressions such as a lot of and a number of as complex Quantifiers but in other cases to err on the prescriptive side and encourage agreement with the noun preceding of. (Graham Lock, Functional English Grammar. Cambridge University Press, 1996) Count Nouns, Mass Nouns, and Quantifiers Count nouns (e.g. diamond, bottle, book, board, waiter, table, cat, bush, truck, house) and mass nouns (e.g. gold, coffee, paper, wood, meat, air, water, coal, smoke, blood, wine) differ grammatically in the range of articles and quantifiers they occur with. For instance, count nouns occur with the indefinite article a but not with the complex quantifier a lot of: a diamond, *a lot of diamond. Mass nouns do the opposite: a lot of gold, *a gold. (Ronald W. Langacker, Linguistic Manifestations of the Space-Time (Dis)Analogy. Space and Time in Languages and Cultures: Language, Culture, and Cognition, ed. by Luna Filipović and Katarzyna M. Jaszczolt. John Benjamins, 2012) Zero Plurals After numerals or quantifiers, count nouns may have a zero plural (the same form as in the singular): thirty year, many mile.​  (Sidney Greenbaum, Oxford English Grammar. Oxford University Press, 1996) Also Known As: quantifying determiner

Why am I here Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Why am I here - Essay Example Having come from a humble and financially straining background, I have often felt the need to be the light of my family and the community as well. On the other hand, I take the matters of religion seriously and often take time to nourish my soul with religious values. However, I find it important to read widely the different religions particularly Christianity, Buddhism, Islam, and Judaism. Whereas religion provides a moral compass, I find it important to have a wide encompassing understanding and not just get fixated on one religion. Having taken a ISFJ Personality a while back, I came to understand that most of the challenges impeding my success could actually be lying within me. My altruistic personality has made it difficult to balance between helping others and managing my personal life. At the moment, I am required to put more focus on my studies to secure a bright future. However, I am intrinsically altruistic and like helping other people. For instance, I spend a significant amount of time helping my friends who are behind me in class. Additionally, I share the little financial assistance I get from my parents with the less privileged at the expense of my comfort at school. Another impeding challenge is financial constraints. Presently, I need adequate resources to study and further my studies after college at a time when I am not earning any money. I may not be able to utilize any emerging opportunities because of lack of funds. Possible future challenges include overwhelming responsibilities, as I become a global citizen. As I seek to become a person of influence, it is worth considering that more responsibilities will come along the way. For instance, I expect to undertake a Masters and a Ph.D. later on perhaps in pursuit of my perfectionism nature. This will arguably put a scholarly responsibility on my

Illegal Immigration in the European Union Essay

Illegal Immigration in the European Union - Essay Example The Maastricht treaty of 1992 created what is known as the ideology of the European citizens, the aim of this treaty was to incorporate the national identities of the citizens of the EU into a European identity without reducing the importance of the national identity of the citizens. The Amsterdam treaty of 1999 gave the citizens of the European Union the right to vote and also to participate in the elections for the European parliament. The Amsterdam treaty granted human rights to the citizens of the EU and this led to the creation of European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights. It was in the Tampere summit in 1999 that it was decided that there would be certain rights and laws for dealing with the issue of immigration, both legal and illegal. It was at the Tampere summit that it was decided that illegal immigration would be fought against using certain measures that would ensure that the illegal immigrants would be investigated quickly and hence the major goal of this paper was to send back the illegal immigrants to their country of origin as soon as possible. ... Canary Islands is an archipelago that is a part of Spain and it lies west to the African continent and is located at a close distance from morocco though the journey might look very easy but it is a very difficult one especially when the means of transport is not a very stable one. In 2005 around 4500 people entered the Canary Islands through the sea route but in 2006 the number almost grew 6 times when the number of illegal immigrants reached the figure of almost 31000. About 6000 migrants went missing or died and only 5000 people were intercepted by the coast guards. This led the then Canary Islands president to ask the centre for help with the issue of illegal immigrants by setting up a committee to address the problem which he describes as 'critical'. Aden martin, the then president of the canary islands, asked not only thy kingdom of Spain for help but also asked the EU to play its part in controlling this situation because he saw this not as a threat only to the canary islands or Spain but as a threat to a whole of Europe because once the illegal immigrants got through to the canary islands they could pretty much move through the whole of Europe freely as they were no check points because of the relaxation in visa policies for the whole of the European bloc. The problem as illustrated above is indeed quite critical because of the staggering number of people that have been trying to make it to Europe through the canary islands not only risk their lives and more than 10,000 people have already lost their lives but they also pose a threat to every party involved economically and due to the large numbers there are no facilities intact currently to deal with them that leads to the problem of crossing the line with respect to human rights issues and accommodation and

Safety Management Plan Implementation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Safety Management Plan Implementation - Essay Example However it needs to be accepted in general. The service providers include authentic training organizations which are uncovered of safety risks throughout the stipulation of their services, aircraft providers, organizations liable for designing and manufacturing the aircrafts, approved maintenance organizations, and air traffic service providers. Apart from the aforementioned authorities certified aerodromes are also included (Fhwa, n.d.). Therefore the service providers should execute and implement a Safety Management System which is acknowledged by their respective state. The functions are as follows:- The main function is to identify the safety hazards related to it. It should ensure that corrective actions necessary to sustain a satisfactory level of safety must be implemented. This is also liable to provides continuous monitoring as well as regular appraisal of the safety level that has been achieved. It should also aim to make constant improvement to the overall level of safety and security. It should also promote an improved safety and security culture all through the organization. Realizing a return on Safety Management System investment through enhanced competence and abridged operational risk. Apart from the requirements of ICAO Safety Management Systems has been also incorporated into IATA Operational Safety Audit (IOSA). Implementation Plan It is an important factor to realize that the mentioned plan must only be used as a general guiding reference only. Therefore it can be customized according to the need. Etihad, the national airlines of United Arab Emirates will be chosen as the company where the Safety Management System action plan will be established. Now in the context of the company, a safety management system will be implemented in its overall infrastructure. This will ensure more safety and securities to the passengers availing Etihad airways (Etihad Airways, n.d.). The company is also focused in providing the best Arabic hospitality to the clients (Etihad Airways, n.d.). Safety Management Implementation plan of Etihad Airways Etihad Airways has developed its own Safety Management System in context with the United Arab Emirates’ Civil Aviation Law, recommendation of ICAO, CAR Part X, GCAA CAR-OPS 1.037, Federal and Emirate statutory requirements for health and safety and also from the suggestions by Abu Dhabi Health and Safety Regulatory Framework (ADEHSRF). Most of the elements required for formulating a Safety management system have been ascertained. Moreover it has been also linked with the supervision and control of the operations of the company. In Etihad Airways the establishment of SMS also took place to counter the existing dictatorial requirement and to establish according to the new requirements of the regulatory board. The safety management service of Etihad airways covers the following aspect:- Safety of the airport Industrial safety The safety of the aircraft and also its operation. The newly establ ished SMS of the company provides the methods to identify the perils and also offers ways to control and reduce it to an acceptable range. This will also help to determine whether the risk control tools are efficient or not. Furthermore the SMS sets the desired goals and performance levels for safety. It also seeks to develop safety culture within the organization, training and promotion system. Now the steps or the building blocks to implement SMS are suggested

What Is A Buffer Biology Essay

What Is A Buffer Biology Essay A  buffer  is an  aqueous solution  that has a highly stable  pH. If you add  acid  or  base  to a buffered solution, its pH will not change significantly. Similarly, adding water to a buffer or allowing water to evaporate will not change the pH of a buffer. A buffer is a substance in a solution that can neutralize either an acid or a base. A substance is said to be naturally buffered if it has a buffering action in its natural state .Buffers are used in chemistry to modulate and stabilize the pH of a solution. A buffered solution can be made in a variety of ways, most simply by creating a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base. Buffers are chemicals that, when added to water, tend to maintain a certain pH. This is due to the buffers ability to either accept or donate a proton (hydrogen ion, H+) or hydroxyl (OH-) to keep the pH in a certain range. Buffers are different than strong acids and bases because buffers do not donate all of their protons or hydroxyls within their buffering range. A buffer is a substance, usually a salt, that can bind with either the positively-charged hydrogen ion of an acid or the negatively-charged hydroxide ion of a base. If a solution is buffered, acids or bases can be added to the solution without changing its pH as drastically as if the acid or base were added to an unbuffered solution Natural Buffers A solution is said to be naturally buffered if it contains buffering compounds as it exists in nature. Blood is an example of a naturally buffered solution. Blood must maintain a pH close to 7.4 in order to carry oxygen effectively and contains compounds that react to acids or bases in order to neutralize them.   PREPERATION OF BUFFER A compound can buffer the pH of a solution only when its concentration is sufficient and when the pH of the solution is close (within about one pH unit) to its pKa.   To make a buffer you must first pick a compound whose pKa  Ã‚   is close to the pH   you want for the solution, and then decide what the buffer concentration should be.   Typically, buffer concentrations are between 1 mM and 200 mM, depending on the desired ionic strength and the buffering capacity required.   If the pH is expected to decrease during the experiment, choose a buffer with a pKa  slightly below the working pH.   Conversely, if the pH is expected to increase during the experiment, select a buffer with a pKa  slightly above the working pH.   Having decided on the total buffer concentration, you must adjust the ratio of the protonated and unprotonated forms of the buffer in your solution so as to give the desired pH.   Typically, buffers are composed of   weak acids and their salts, or w eak bases and their salts.   If the protonated form is uncharged, it is an acid (like acetic acid), and its unprotonated form is a salt (e.g., sodium acetate).   Conversely, if the unprotonated form is uncharged it is a base (like Tris base), and its protonated form is a salt (e.g., TrisHCl). Four practical ways to make a buffer are described below: The Slow and Stupid Method    To avoid adding extra salt to a solution, prepare a buffer composed of an acid and its salt by dissolving the acid form of the buffer in about ~60% of the water required for the final solution volume.   Adjust the pH using a strong base, such as NaOH.   When preparing a buffer composed of a base and its salt, start with the base form and adjust the pH with strong acid, such as HCl.   After the pH is correct, dilute to just under the final solution volume.   Check the pH and correct if necessary, then add water to the final volume.   Advantages:  Easy to understand.   Disadvantages:  Slow.   May require lots of base (or acid).   If the base (or acid) is concentrated, it is easy to overshoot the pH. If the base (or acid) is dilute, it is easy to overshoot the volume.   Ionic strength will be unknown. Adding a strong acid or base can result in temperature changes, which will make pH readings inaccurate (due to its dependence to temperature) unless the solution is brought back to its initial temperature.   (2)The Mentally Taxing Method   Using the buffer pKa  , calculate the amounts (in moles) of acid/salt or base/salt present in the buffer at the desired pH.   If both forms (i.e., the acid and the salt) are available, convert the amount required from moles to grams, using the molecular weight of that component, and the weigh out the correct amounts of   both forms.   If only one form is available, you can prepare the buffer by adding all of the buffer as one form, and then adding acid or base to convert some of the added buffer to the other form.   Decide what the total concentration of buffer will be in the solution, and convert the concentration to amount (in moles) using the volume of solution, and then to grams, using the molecular weight of the buffer form available.   Then calculate the amounts (in moles) of each form that will be present in the final solution, using the buffer pKa  Ã‚  and the desired pH.  Ã‚   Then calculate how much strong acid or base must be added to convert enough of the buffer form added to the other form,   to give the correct amounts of each form at the pH of the final solution.   Dissolve the buffer and strong acid or base in slightly less water than is required for the final solution volume.   Check the pH and correct if necessary.   Add water to the final volume. Advantages:  Fast.   Easy to prepare.   Additional pH adjustment is rarely necessary, and when necessary, the adjustment is small. Ionic strength easily calculated. The Two Solution Method   Make separate solutions of   the acid form and base form of the buffer, both solutions having   the same buffer concentration (and ionic strength, if required) as the concentration of total buffer in the final solution.   To obtain the desired pH, add one solution to the other while monitoring the pH with a pH meter.   Advantages:   Easy to do.   Disadvantages:  Requires both forms of buffer.   The required solution volumes are proportional to the ratio of buffer components in the final solution at the desired final pH, so making equal amounts of each form may waste a lot of one solution. The Completely Mindless Method   Find a table of the correct amounts of acid/salt or base/salt required for different pHs, and dissolve the components in slightly less water than is required for the final solution volume.   Check that the pH and correct if necessary. Add water to the final volume.   Advantages:  Easy to do (with appropriate table).   Convenient for frequently prepared buffers.   Disadvantages:  May be impossible to find table.   Table may be incorrect.   Requires both forms of buffer.   Component amounts from table will need to be adjusted to give the buffer concentration and volume in your solution. Ionic strength is unknown.   Common Buffer Preparations   Buffer Stock Soln Components Amount per Liter Soln. Conc. Stock Soln Final Conc.   PBS  Ã‚   (Phosphate Buffered Saline)  Ã‚   adj. pH ~7.3   10X NaCl  Ã‚   KCl  Ã‚   Na2HPO4Æ’Æ’-7H2O  Ã‚   KH2PO4   80 g  Ã‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   2 g  Ã‚     11.5 g  Ã‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   2 g   1.37 M  Ã‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   27 mM  Ã‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   43 mM  Ã‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   14 mM 137 mM  Ã‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   2.7 mM  Ã‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   4.3 mM  Ã‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   1.4 Mm   SSC  Ã‚   adj. pH ~7.0   20X NaCl  Ã‚   Sodium citrate   175 g  Ã‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   88 g   3 M  Ã‚     0.3 M   150 mM  Ã‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   15 Mm   STE   (Saline Tris EDTA)     1X Tris base  Ã‚   NaCl  Ã‚   EDTA (acid)    1.2 g  Ã‚      0.6 g  Ã‚      0.29 g   10 mM  Ã‚     10 mM  Ã‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   1 mM   10 mM  Ã‚     10 mM  Ã‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   1 mM   TAE  Ã‚   (Tris acetate EDTA)  Ã‚   pH ~8.5   50X Tris base  Ã‚   Acetic acid (glacial)  Ã‚   EDTA   242 g  Ã‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   57.1 mL    37.2 g     2 M (Tris acetate) 0.1 M      40 mM (Tris acetate)  Ã‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   2 mM   TBE   (Tris borate EDTA)  Ã‚   pH ~8.0   10X   Tris base  Ã‚     Boric acid  Ã‚     EDTA   108 g  Ã‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   55 g  Ã‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   40 mL   (0.5 M pH 8)     0.89 M  Ã‚     0.89 M  Ã‚     0.02 M   89 mM  Ã‚     89 mM  Ã‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   2 mM   TE  Ã‚   (Tris EDTA)  Ã‚   pH ~7.5   1X Tris base  Ã‚   H2  EDTA (acid)   1.2 g  Ã‚     0.29 g   10 mM  Ã‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   1 mM   Useful buffer mixtures Components pH range HCl,  Sodium citrate 1 5 Citric acid,  Sodium citrate 2.5 5.6 Acetic acid,  Sodium acetate 3.7 5.6 K2HPO4,  KH2PO4 5.8 8  [3] Na2HPO4,  NaH2PO4 6 7.5  [4] Borax,  Sodium hydroxide 9.2 11   Universal buffer mixtures By combining substances with pKa  values differing by only two or less and adjusting the pH a wide-range of buffers can be obtained.  Citric acid  is a useful component of a buffer mixture because it has three pKa  values, separated by less than two. The buffer range can be extended by adding other buffering agents. The following two-component mixtures (McIlvaines buffer solutions) have a buffer range of pH 3 to 8. 0.2M Na2HPO4  /mL 0.1M Citric Acid /Ml pH 20.55 79.45 3.0 38.55 61.45 4.0 51.50 48.50 5.0 63.15 36.85 6.0 82.35 17.65 7.0 97.25 2.75 8.0 A mixture containing  citric acid,  potassium dihydrogen phosphate,  boric acid, and  diethyl barbituric acid  can be made to cover the pH range 2.6 to 12.[6] Other universal buffers are  Carmody buffer  and  Britton-Robinson buffer, developed in 1931. Significance:- An important number for any aqueous solution is its pH. The pH is the negative logarithm of the concentration of hydrogen ions (often represented as a hydronium ion, which is a water molecule with an extra proton attached). Anything with a pH of less than 7 is considered to be acidic, and a solution that has a pH of greater than 7 is basic. Pure water, which has an equal amount of acid and base in it, is defined as having a pH of 7. Identification:- Buffered solutions are used to make a solution that exhibits very little change in its pH when small amounts of an acid or base are added to it. A buffer can be made by addition of a weak acid and its conjugate base to a solution. Alternately, a weak base and its conjugate acid can be used. Buffers are most effective when the amounts of the weak acid/base and the conjugate base/acid are usedgenerally to be effective, neither quantity should be more than 10 times that of the other. Control of ph by buffer Buffers are chemicals that, when added to water, tend to maintain a certain pH. This is due to the buffers ability to either accept or donate a proton (hydrogen ion, H+) or hydroxyl (OH-) to keep the pH in a certain range. Buffers are different than strong acids and bases because buffers do not donate all of their protons or hydroxyls within their buffering range. Background:- The measure of pH gives the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. Pure water has a pH of 7.0 and has an equal balance of hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions. The pH will be lower if an acid is added and higher if a base is added. For various purposes, it is useful to add a buffer so that the pH remains constant even if an acid or base is added to the solution. Buffers are used to maintain constant pH. Buffer Equilibrium:- Different buffers  work  at different pHs. A buffer is most efficient at maintaining a constant pH when the pH equals its acid dissociation constant, its pKa. At this pH, the buffer consists of an equal solution of protonated and de-protonated conjugate base. This often denoted by a theoretical buffer molecule, AH, dissociating into a proton, H+, and the conjugate base, A-. The pKa is determined by the pH where the concentration of AH equals the concentration of A-. Buffering Acids:- At its pKa, a buffer can maintain a constant pH by accepting free protons. Adding an acid to the solution, such as HCl, will cause free protons to enter the solution. The conjugate base will accept the free protons, causing the pH to be unchanged. The solution will remain at the same pH as long as there is enough conjugate base to accept the additional protons. The reaction can be written as the dissolution of the acid: HCLH+ + Cl- leading to free H+ in the solution. The further reaction with the buffer occurs: H+ + A- HA. This removes the free protons and constant pH is maintained. Buffering Bases:- Adding a base such as sodium hydroxide to a solution will cause an increase in the hydroxyl concentration. In a buffered solution, the protons attached to the undissociated buffer are donated to the solution, forming H2O with the free hydroxyls. This counters the effect of the base and maintains the pH of the solution as long as there is undissociated buffer available in the solution. In this case, the reaction can be written as the dissolution of the base: NaOH Na+ + OH- leading to the second reaction of OH- + HA H2O + A-. Different Buffers:- Different buffers have different pKas and can be used to buffer solutions at a wide range of pHs. Chemicals used as buffers often have the ability to donate or accept multiple protons or bases. These buffers hence have two or more different pKas corresponding to how many protons or hydroxyls per molecule they can donate or accept. Different buffer molecules can be combined to form customized buffer ranges. For a list of biological buffers, see Resources. WORKING OF BUFFER When hydrogen ions are added to a buffer, they will be neutralized by the base in the buffer. Hydroxide ions will be neutralized by the acid. These neutralization reactions will not have much effect on the overall pH of the buffer solution. When you select an acid for a buffer solution, try to choose an acid that has a pKa  close to your desired pH. This will give your buffer nearly equivalent amounts of acid and conjugate base so it will be able to neutralize as much H+  and OH-  as possible. PURPOSE OF BUFFER:- A buffer solution is used to resist changes in pH when a certain amount of strong acid or base is added to the solution. It is an important part of biological systems in living organisms as well as in the laboratory. The reason a buffer works to maintain a certain pH is that the concentration of weak acid and base is kept in a specific ratio in line with the acid titration curve. The titration curve A titration curve is a graph that relates the relative concentrations of a weak acid to its conjugate base by graphing pH versus amount of base added. In the region of the titration curve where the graph is almost flat, the pH changes very little with added base and therefore this would be a good pH for the buffer. Buffer in cells and blood The main buffer found in living cells is the H2PO4/HPO4- buffer pair. In blood, the main buffer is the H2CO3/HCO3- pair. This system relies on dissociation of carbonic acid, which has a pKa of 6.37. The pH of human blood needs to remain at around a pH of 7.4 and therefore the system also involves carbon dioxide transported to the lungs. Phosphate buffer The phosphate buffer is based on tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane or TRIS. This buffer has a pKa of 8.3 and is found both in living organisms as well as used in the laboratory. It is a good buffer because it does not tend to interfere with the system being studied. Buffers in enzymatic reactions Laboratory methods to isolate an enzyme use buffered solutions because an enzyme can only function in a narrow pH range. Enzymes are very sensitive to pH as well as salt concentrations. Therefore, it is important to use a buffer with a very good buffering capacity for the specific pH in order for the experiment to be successful. Physiological consequences Respiration plays a role in buffering of blood by controlling the rate of respiration depending on the need for hydrogen ions or increased acidity. Increasing the rate of respiration is helpful when there is a buildup of hydrogen ions or acidity in the blood. The H+ ions bind to bicarbonate to form carbonic acid. This raises the level of carbon dioxide in the lungs. Increasing the level of respiration removes the excess carbon dioxide. Therefore, here the buffering system is used to keep pH level of the blood within the required narrow range. Features:- The pH of a buffered solution is defined by the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, which states that the pH of a solution is equal to the acid dissociation constant of the weak acid plus the logarithm of the ratio of the concentrations of conjugate base to the weak acid. The acid dissociation constant is a number that defines the tendency of an acid to dissociate and form hydrogen ions. A strong acid will have a very low dissociation constant, whereas a weaker one may have a significantly higher one, around 5. Considerations:- Buffered solutions have many applications in chemical manufacturing for processes that require a specific pH range to  work. This is also true for the human body, which contains many enzymes that are only functional at a specific pH. Outside of this range, the enzymes are either unable to catalyze reactions, or in some case will misfold and become broken down; thus, a mixture of carbonic acid and bicarbonate is used by the body to keep pH of the blood between 7.35 and 7.45.

Organizational Behavior Essay -- essays research papers

Organizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts April 2, 2005 Organizational behavior encompasses a wide range of topics, such as human behavior, change, leadership, and teams. Organizational Behavior is the study and application of knowledge about how people, individuals, and groups act in organizations. It interprets people-organization relationships in terms of the whole person, group, organization, and social system. Its purpose is to build better relationships by achieving individual, organizational, and social objectives. An organization’s base rests on management’s philosophy, values, vision and goals. This in turn drives the organizational culture which is composed of the formal, informal and the social environment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to Donald R. Clark there are four major Models of Organizational Behavior (1998) that organizations operate out of: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Autocratic – The basis here is power with a managerial orientation of authority. The employees are oriented towards obedience and dependence on the boss. The employee need that is met is subsistence and the performance result is minimal. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Custodial - The basis of this model is economic resources with a managerial orientation of money. The employees are oriented towards security and benefits and dependence on the organization. The employee need that is met is security. The performance result is passive cooperation. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Supportive – The basis here is leadership with a managerial orientation of support. The employees are oriented towards job performance and participation. The employee need that is met s status and recognition. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Collegial – The basis is partnership with a managerial orientation of teamwork. The employees are oriented towards responsible behavior and self-discipline. The employee need that is met is self-actualization. Although there are four models listed, I do not believe that any organization operates exclusively within one. My company, Caesars Entertainment, Inc. operates predominantly in the Supportive model. My position is run mainly on job performance and quality of work produced. My department also uses Collegial and Custodial (we are a gaming company after all). The culture of an organization is the personality o... ...rder to be successful. By understanding behavior, culture, diversity, communication and effectiveness, a company has a great chance of making their business work. Companies are not here to create a club with a certain culture. They are here to accomplish something; they have a core mission, a purpose. References American Heritage Dictionary of English Language, (2000). Houghton Mifflin Company, 4th Edition. Retrieved April 3, 2005 from: http://www.dictionary.com Caesars Entertainment, Inc., (2005). Corporate: About Us, Diversity. Retrieved April 3, 2005 from: http://www.caesars.com Clark, D., (March, 1998). Models of Organizational Behavior. Elements of Organizational Behavior. Retrieved April 2, 2005, from http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/.html Prasad, C. (2004). How to distinguish yourself as a culturally diverse candidate. Retrieved April 2, 2005 from: IMDiversity http://www.careerjournal.com/myc/diversity/20040429-imdiversity.html Sonnenfeld, J., (2004). Field Guide to Leadership and Supervision. What is culture?. Retrieved April 2, 2005 from http://www.mapnp.org/library/culture/culture.htm   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Middle Ages Literature Essay

The Middle Ages had many interesting characteristics concerning the literature of that time period. The important literary works â€Å"incorporated elements and values drawn from different and conflicting traditions (Patterson 1143). For every opinion, there was another opinion to counter it. Many of the pieces of literature at this time had contradictory ideas in them or had competing interests (Patterson 1144). The literature of this time shows us that â€Å"many people took the central doctrine of Christianity so much for granted that their daily lives seem largely untroubled by the moral and spiritual demands of religion† (Patterson 1144). Another characteristic of the literature was that it alerts us to the â€Å"complexities and dilemmas that any faith poses† (Patterson 1144). The Middle Ages is also called the â€Å"age of chivalry† (Patterson 1144). The literature mainly â€Å"expresses the values of the most powerful members of society, the aristocracy† (Patterson 1144). The aristocracy achieved their power through â€Å"military might† (Patterson 1144). There was also an â€Å"explicit code of chivalry† (Patterson 1145). The values were â€Å"never entirely consistent with each other† (Patterson 1145). Characters of literature had to choose whether to be a lover or a warrior (Patterson 1145). The main concerns of the literature were â€Å"the demands of religious faith and appropriate use of physical force, and the individual human being working out his or her individual destiny† (Patterson 1145). The literature during this time contributed to a list of vivid characters to the world of literature (Patterson 1145). Writers created unforgettable, complex literary characters to deal with the themes (Patterson 1145). The Middle Ages contrasted to the Renaissance because the Renaissance’s characters had â€Å"greater autonomy and fully realized personalities† (James 1883). The Renaissance’s literature did not judge â€Å"human action by right and wrong but by beauty, memorability, and effectiveness† (James 1886). During the Renaissance, the presence of God was much less dominating (James 1887). Medieval men and women were more concerned with the afterlife, while in the Renaissance they had a preoccupation with this life (James 1886). The Canterbury Tales fits into the Middle Ages well with some characteristics and not quite as well concerning others. For example, the Pardoner in The Canterbury Tales preaches the word of God on a daily basis, yet he is morally corrupt in his everyday life (Chaucer 1759). He preaches of greed, yet is greedy himself (Chaucer 1759). The Pardoner steals from the church, as well as innocent people (Chaucer 1758). Chaucer showed us that people took the doctrine of the church for granted. Other characters in The Canterbury Tales spoke of God and were Christians, yet didn’t bother with feeling morally obligated to act right. The dilemmas of being a Christian in real-life are seen. Some of the characters are Christian but it is more complex and takes an effort to be a Christian. The Canterbury Tales didn’t seem to have contradictory themes necessarily. Chaucer makes his views of various social ranks known through a use of satire. The characters themselves are contradictory, as we see with the Pardoner once again (Chaucer 1758). Since Chaucer has every type of social rank represented, we see his view of these ranks, which does contradict some of the jobs or moral obligations of various people. The characters in the story itself did compete for various interests. They all held different values or beliefs about the world. Chaucer lived during this time period, so it is in a way a more realistic view rather than contradictory. The explicit code of chivalry isn’t necessarily a large component of The Canterbury Tales except for perhaps the Knight and his tale. Chaucer shows that some people were focused on the chivalry act during this time. The Canterbury Tales doesn’t focus on pleasing the aristocracy either. Chaucer wrote from the perspective of every social rank so his book was meant for the poor and rich. Its subject matter was meant to be appealing to all Medieval people. The final characteristic that The Canterbury Tales does follow is the well developed characters. Chaucer had a whole list of realistic, complex characters. These characters could rival the Renaissance’s characters to me. I enjoyed reading about the characters and reading even more of The Canterbury Tales online. The Canterbury Tales fits well with the characteristics of the Middle Ages for the most part. The individual characters do have an individual goal in mind. Chaucer seemed as if he cared about his characters and wanted readers to his get to know them on an individual level, which seems more ahead of his time.

Consulting Services for Contingency Planning

Consulting Services for Contingency Planning There are many companies that provide consulting services to entrepreneurs. Among them, one can distinguish such organizations as Mind Tools Corporate, Contingency Planning Solutions , Inc., and Lloyds TSB. Each of them specializes in contingency planning.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Consulting Services for Contingency Planning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These companies have been selected because they work with various businesses, including small manufacturing firms that hire no more than 100 employees. Furthermore, they offer various services to clients, for instance, the training of workers or the development of information technologies that can be used to mitigate the impacts of a calamity (Lloyds TSB, 2013, unpaged). It should be taken into account that these organizations do not usually specify the exact amount of time that will be needed to develop a contingency plan because the length of the ir activities can depend on the specific production processes adopted by a manufacturing term. Nevertheless, this task can require a consulting firm approximately thirty days. Secondly, each of these organizations is ready to organize training for the employees of a business that needs consulting services (Lloyds TSB, 2013; Contingency Planning Solutions, 2013; Mind Tools Corporate, 2013). Overall, these consulting firms understand that manufacturers may need to communicate with experts who are knowledgeable in a specific area of production or risk management (Contingency Planning Solutions, 2013). This is why they hold many seminars that can be attended by many businesses. This is one of the main aspects that can be identified. Furthermore, these consulting firms do not specify the price for their services. In order to learn more about these questions, one should contact the management of these firms. This is one of the details that should not be overlooked by entrepreneurs. Apart from that, the consulting firms explain what kind of risks they can address. In particular, one can mention equipment failure, physical problems such as flooding or fire, the failures of suppliers, and suppliers (Lloyds TSB, 2013). In other words, they explain what kind of assistance they can offer. It seems that this information can be of great relevance to potential customers who want to learn more about the nature of consulting services that will be offered to them.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, some of these organizations enable customers to test the efficiency of the contingency plans (Lloyds TSB, 2013). In this way, manufacturers can gain better a better idea about the risks to which they can be exposed (Lloyds TSB, 2013). Therefore, these businesses provide a wide range of services to the potential clients. Overall, it is possible to choose such a company as Lloyds TSB because this organization provides the most detailed explanation of how their services can benefit a business. Apart from that, this company explains how its representatives will interact with clients. This is one of the main aspects that can be identified. These examples indicate that consulting firms provide a wide range of services to manufacturers. They usually place much emphasis on training of employees and development of specific steps that can address various types of problems. Nevertheless, they do not normally specify the timelines of their work. Certainly, the companies discussed in this paper are not the only consulting firms. However, the selected organizations give detailed information about their services and explain how they can create value for clients. This is the main argument that can be put forward. Reference List Contingency Planning Solutions. (2013). Services. Web. Lloyds TSB. (2013).Contingency planning. Web. Mind Tools C orporate. (2013). Features. Retrieved from https://www.mindtools.com/corporate/features.phpAdvertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Consulting Services for Contingency Planning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

The Changes in Health Care for Retired Workers essays

The Changes in Health Care for Retired Workers essays Health care for retired workers is always changing and its not for the better. The workforce had changed remarkably causing retirement plans to decline. Current workers are being pressured to pay more out of pocket. These retirees are rarely helped out and when they are, it isnt enough. It is difficult for employees to provide the best health care for their workers and remain competitive in todays economy. Employers are providing health care to stay competitive in the marketplace, but this trend is dissipating. These employers are finding it increasingly difficult to provide these benefits to retired workers. The employers are focusing on health care costs and are not able to absorb additional cost increases. Current law severely limits employers ability to pre-fund retires health care obligations. As a result of this law, employers have capped contributions, increased co pays, increased employee contributions, or even eliminated benefits all together. The Employee Retirement Income Act states that employers are not required to provide any health care coverage to their workers, either active or retired. Although, once they decide to offer benefits they must follow certain requirements. Currently, only thirty five percent of employers sponsor retiree health care, leaving many with out access. Employers who offer medical coverage for retirees went from forty percent in 1993 to twenty pe rcent in 2001. That leaves more than three quarters of the retired population with out health coverage. Health care costs are rising for both active and retired employees and new pension funding requirements have wiped out corporate benefits budgets. This leaves less money for the retiree to live healthy in a world that is to expensive. Retirees depend on health care from current or past employers, and its the only likely source of affordable reliable coverage. In 2003 cost for employer plans increased about fifteen perc...

OPERATIONS MANGEMENT PROJECT- NEW BUSINESS Assignment

OPERATIONS MANGEMENT PROJECT- NEW BUSINESS - Assignment Example The company will first target supermarkets and large retail stores and building management business so as to establish a solid base of clients in Dubai. TESCO Security Company will carefully increase its employee base of security guards, basing on the contracts of clients, and employ both part-time and full-time security guards. The business anticipates good amount of sales during the first one year, and almost double by the end of the third year. Gross margins will be same to the average of the industry, basing on the security guard labor costs vs. billings. After launching the initial investment, a lean first year, and the formation of a training space and office in the second year, the company will be on the edge of expanding through its own internal source of finance after the end of three years. After the business is proved to be successful in other cities, the business may sell its shares to provide an exit strategy for the original founders and investors. TESCO Security will eliminate worries for customers who needs security guards for their facilities, buildings, and events by offering excellent customer services for customers and comprehensive training for their staff Intrinsic forecasting technique ­- comprises of qualitative and quantitative methods. In qualitative method, forecasting is based on subjective method in case of qualitative data is absent. It is based on opinions, best guesses and personal judgment. Contrary, quantitative forecasting is based on formulas and mathematical models. This model believes that what happened in the past will likely happen in the future. The ability to carry out accurate forecasting affects the profitability of our business. Furthermore, the ability to enhance the demand forecasting for client demand then sharing the information downstream allows effective arrangement and

Critical Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Critical Reflection - Essay Example It means that a leader has to have high emotional intelligence and be mindful in order to be successful and competent. In the public health sector, leadership may come in the form of a Medical Coordinator or the Director of a large health organization like World Health Organization (WHO). Whether in the political arena, organizations, family or in public health organizations, leadership is a key component of managing people. A leader has to guide and direct his followers. The leader can only do that if he/she has a significant influence on his people. Ego and leadership do not correspond because leaders who are egocentric usually possess little knowledge and vice versa. Furthermore, Good leadership and management in the public health care sector will always lead to efficiency, elimination of mistakes, positive patient outcomes, and better population health outcomes. Dr. Kiran Martin is an example of good leaders who transcended insurmountable odds to transform the society positively. Owing to the fact that no single leadership style can work in all situations, various leaders have chosen distinctive leadership styles that suit their prevailing needs. Whichever leadership style adopted should benefit the lives of the followers and those of their leaders as opposed to making them miserable. The major types of leadership styles include transformational leadership, transactional leadership, autocratic leadership, participatory leadership, servant leadership, transcendent leadership, situational leadership, and Laissez Faire Leadership Styles. Any one of these leadership styles may be applicable in unique situations, depending on the characteristics of the leaders in question. While others require active participation of the leaders, some require a passive approach to public health management. As far as Laissez Faire Leadership Style is concerned, it is worth